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Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide.〔(Freedom House: Turkmenistan ), by Freedom House 6 September 2009〕〔(US State Department 2008 Human Rights Report: Turkmenistan ), US State Department 6 September 2009〕 Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov. Since December 2006, under the Government of President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, no significant improvements regarding human rights and civil liberty have been observed by international human rights organizations. ==Discrimination against ethnic minorities== The Turkmen government's decision to cancel a dual-citizenship agreement with Russia in 2003 prompted thousands of ethnic Russians to leave Turkmenistan as they lost their property.〔(Turkmenistan: Focus on ethnic minorities ), by IRIN News.org 18 August 2005〕 Many of those fleeing "in panic" reportedly feared being trapped in a state which has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens. Those without Russian passports may be forced to become Turkmens, and fear that they may never be able to return to Russia.〔(Russians 'flee' Turkmenistan ), by BBC 20 June 2003〕 For these who remained, estimated at around 100,000, all Soviet-time diplomas, certificates and other official documents that were issued outside the Turkmen SSR were nullified, drastically limiting the people's access to work. At the same time, universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians.〔(Turkmenistan: Russian Students Targeted ) by the Institute for War and Peace Reporting16 July 2003〕 Russian television is difficult to receive in Turkmenistan, the Russian-language radio station Mayak was taken off the air〔(Turkmenistan: OSCE Visit Briefly Highlights Plight Of Minorities ), by RFE/RL's Turkmen Service 8 March 2006〕 and the Russian newspapers were banned earlier.〔(Assessment for Russians in Turkmenistan ), by the Center for International Development and Conflict Management〕 It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the Baloch, an ethnic minority. The same happens to Uzbeks, their language used to be taught in some national schools.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Alternative report on the Human Rights situation in Turkmenistan for the Universal Periodic Review )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Turkmenistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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